Ways+of+knowledge

= Knowing by ways of senses. =


 * Senses || Times when my sense were reliable || Times when my senses were off ||
 * Visual || Sometime when I’m looking far I can see what's on there. || But sometime I can't see without my glass. ||
 * Olfactory || Once I smell what my mom cook and guess what is every think I guess was right. || I smell the wall paint and I thought it's something good. ||
 * Touch || In darkness I can touch and know what I’m touching. || When I touched a Pencil in my schoolbag thinking it’s pen. ||
 * Auditory || I can hear when my mom is upstairs talking with someone and I’m downstairs. || I’m listing to music but I can't hear every single word. ||
 * Taste || Sometime I can figure out what this cake is made of. || When I taste some kind of food wrongly. ||



What consequences, including positive attributes and limitations, might this have for the acquisition of knowledge? Provide examples. How does technology extend and modify the capabilities of the senses?

Seeing Testing || We use all kind of senses to help us to figure out what’s in our environment || Everything we have to use our senses to know what is it. L ike smell this Perfume-test this cake…etc || Weak hearing because it’s far. Weak smelling because of the flu. || I think it’s depending mostly in seeing. ||
 * Animals || Senses || Determine || Influence || Limit || Consequences ||
 * Dog || Smell || Walks around sniffing all the time. || Sensitive to smell. || Sensing poor. Rely more on smell. || Limits the role of dog at MUN. ||
 * Flies || Sensitive hair || It helping to feel and what happen around them. || Avoid danger. || Can’t hear. || Sometimes we can’t feel there are flies in the room. ||
 * Human (people) || Hearing touching smelling



In what ways does the biological constitution of a living organism determine, influence or limit its perception? If humans are sensitive only to certain ranges of stimuli, what consequences, including positive attributes and limitations might this have for the acquisition of knowledge? Provide examples. How does technology extend and modify the capabilities of the senses?

What this question asks is, “How do the bodies of different living things help them see, hear, taste, smell and feel?”

Different animals (living organisms) with different bodies perceive things differently. For example: a girl has better eyes than a dog but a dog has a better sense of smell than a girl. And the fish can only see in water but the bird can only see in air.

How does technology extend and modify the capabilities of the senses? Technology can help to improve our skills like if we practice typing with right way and keep practicing without stop we can type without look at the keyboard and quick for sure!!

Expand this piece to explain the implications of what you say for the acquisition of knowledge. Perception What are the primary ways in which we know the world around us? We can know what is around us by our perception or the five senses.
 * Perception **

Are there stages to perception? Here are some recognized stages. Define them and find examples: -Filtering: we can here something and ignore something else and it can be both for e.g. I'm listing to music and ignore my sister!! -Halo and horn effect: i t's when we chose to see things in a bad way or in a good way. - Organizing: rearrange things to get it better and faster. e.g. organize my time to sleep. - Stereotyping: to understand by repeating the work in same way by using senses. e.g. I read something i didn't get it than I read it another time after that i get it. -Filling in information: when we know some information about something’s but we add more information e.g. i know my cell phone is Nokia and it have to cameras. - Interpretation: when we compere between too different things that is need some help from our senses. Perceptual Illusions Is your perception always accurate? Provide examples of when it is trustworthy, and when it might not be. Perception it's not always accurate and it can be work in some days but it also can be off. e.g. I've made mistakes i smelled the wall paint perfume. Are people’s perceptions the same? How do you know this? Does this invalidate your or another person’s experience? It could be yes and sometime no because every person have different kind of senses but we use them the same way like someone can think different than the other person. Some people have different way to understand. e.g. Alhawra can understand the math better with Ms.Harris talking but me i can understand better with Ms.Harris but with writing the problem. Why might misperceptions occur? Misperceptions depend for the person, what and how does her/his senses work, how her/his brain work right or left side?!! Because every side like something’s or prefer something’s.For example when I talked to person and it was good nothing wrong I talked with the same person again but it was completely differed than i realized this person is moody person. Selectivity of Perception How do we validate our perceptions? Do we ignore some and rely more heavily on others? Why? Memory can help us to see if our senses is validate or not background can help us too by learning in schools and read too. Sometime we can ignore some of them to understand more or better. e.g. The person who doesn't have legs she/he can replace to her/his hands so she/he can walk or eat....etc. So I think it depend for the thing that they or we want to know more about it. What things might affect how you interpret your perceptions? Is this selectivity conscious or unconscious? Conscious perception happens when we want to think or understand for something so we need to think for one side to understand it well. e.g. When we think positive like i will take good marks in the test and we had it because we encourage our self to study to have the good marks. Can you provide reasons why people perceive things differently? Explain

Every person have her/his way to understand better like not every person understand with the visual way some of people like or prefer to study with the audio way so we can't tell her/his you have to learn with this way because she/he will not get it correctly or will understand it but not all of the information. What influences can be noticed in each other’s descriptions? What influences your perceptions? Are your statements about the object true? Emotions The nature of emotions What is the underlying nature of our emotions? It's linked to our perception because we can feel in what mood we are for today and the word "feel" means when we using our 5 senses. We can use the senses depending on the kind of emotion because there are different kind of emotion like sadness, happiness, craziness etc.
 * Emotion **

When you feel an emotion, how do you know you are feeling that way? Can you explain why you are having this emotion? We can feel the emotion, like if we are feeling sad the people can realize that by our face we look kind of close to crying it depend for what the reason that make us sad and sometime we can see this person is sad because she/he don't smile and laugh but when we happy we look so comfortable and we always smile and laugh too like if i had full mark in chemistry nothing will describe this moment I will be so happy.

Describe the process by which you develop an emotion. In what ways do we describe emotions through language? We can describe our emotion with many ways like writing the happy or sad moment we had it or what we call it dairy notebook. Can you reason about emotions? No because we can't know what will happen for us at this time or day so emotion come to us without saying from us!! What things influence your emotions? Environment and background can influence the emotion and it could be experiences in our life or advice from older person.

Are controlling emotions a good or a bad thing? Explain with examples. Of course it's good because of it's not the person will be give the feeling or emotion in wrong time and wrong way too. e.g. if someone joke with the whole class normally all of the student will laugh because it's a joke but someone is crying strongly everyone will look at her/hem and tell this person you suppose to laugh not crying maybe she or he could not control this feeling. How do emotions change as you get older? Why does this happen? I think when we get older we become stronger than before because we have to, if we always crying just like babies we will look funny and no one will like to contact with the person that always cry for the sad and not sad moment too. Are emotions influenced by culture? Yes, because every person should have there own culture and if they know everything about it for sure they will care about it too and hates if someone try to broke it or hurt it they will properly fight to keep it save. That's mean there is deep emotion in this point. Emotions as obstacle Can emotions affect the way we understand something? Yes, emotion can affect how we are learning or understanding. for e.g, if we aren't at good mood (unhappy) we wouldn't get the funny joke because we aren't focus in the joke to understand it and laugh. Can emotions limit the reliability or even the validity of a knowledge claim? Provide examples. Can emotional responses be misunderstood by others? How do you get around that? Emotions as source Can emotions be an important aspect of creating knowledge? Provide examples. What is emotional intelligence? "Emotional intelligence (EI) describes the ability, capacity, skill or, in the case of the trait EI model,  a self-perceived ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of one's self, of others, and of groups." Is there such a thing as Intuition? Would you rely on it as a reliable way of knowing? Provide examples. Intuition is when we guess to able to understand something without think deeply. And most of us have this kind of emotion.

=** Reason **=

Are you always reasonable in your reasoning? What does that mean?

Mostly yes because every things happened for a reason. For example when someone is asking me why you did that with this way why you didn’t do that with this other way sometime I will ask him/her the question the same way he/she asked me so this person will know my answer. But at the same time with different way I will answer the questions at best reason answers if the questions need reason like not basic questions.


 * The Nature of Reasoning **

What exactly is reasoning?

Reason is when someone doesn’t understand things or she/he need more information to have clear understood at the things that want to know it. Or if she/he has good understanding that might show a good reasoning answer if they had asked a question.

What does the process of reasoning entail?

It include inductive or deductive and how it does work sometime from specific to general or the other way too also include conclusion.

Are there good and bad reasoning?

Yes, it depends for the person who tells us or informs us is it reasonable or less reasonable and that is mean good or bad. Or also depends for the person who listing for the information or the reason like what people belief in.

Is there a history of reasoning?


 * Types of Reasoning **

What are inductive and deductive processes of reasoning? What is informal reasoning? []

Inductive is the opposite of deductive so the way that it works is from specific to general.

Deductive is how it does work from more general to the more specific. For example we read in chemistry book that when mix two chemicals we will get orange color. So in the experiment we put some chemicals and see what the things change color, amount of chemical, etc (The results).

Is reasoning done to produce knowledge about something specific, or something in general? How is this done? Provide examples of each.

Yes we can learn from reasoning and it can be both of general and specific. For example when we acted for deductive:

Dana is the teacher. Zahra and Rami are students. Zahra writes in the board " Miss Dana is a bad teacher" with a very messy handwriting and then the teacher walks in and then I accuse Rami, because he is the guy, “because usually guys have bad handwriting.” And for inductive: Rami is the teacher Dana and Zahra are students.

All days of the week, Dana keeps zoning out, so Zahra tells the teacher (Rami) that there is a student who keeps zoning out in class, so Rami's figured out right away without thinking about that the student is Dana.

What role does time play in judging the truth value of your reasoning, whether inductive or deductive?

When I was at young age I used to listen for my parents, what they are telling me like for example if there is hot milk and I’ll go to drink it right away because I was baby and babies like to drink milk but they will stop me because it is too hot and I will stop touching it. But now when I grow up they are telling me the milk is hot be careful I will touch it just to see if it’s true or not that’s mean I’m not listing for them.

Syllogisms: The way it does work: A is B

B is C A is C

All fruit is nutritious (T)

All nutritious things are tasty (F)

All tasty things are nutritious (F)

No tree is edible (F)

All trees are green(T)

All green things are not edible(F)

All cats have paws

All dogs have paws

All cats are dogs

All cows have tails

All pigs have tails

All cows are pigs

All sloths are slow

All babies are slow

All babies are sloths

All books are informative

Some information is not reliable

Some books are not reliable

All women cook

Your sister has never cooked

Your sister is not a woman

All apples in my garden are wholesome

All wholesome fruit is ripe

Some ripe fruit are apples in my garden

All football players are rich

You play football

You are rich

All living things are made up of cells

You are alive

You are made up of cells


 * How do you know if you are doing it correctly or not? When is it valid or invalid? When is it true or false? Does it always lead to truth? Create syllogisms and let's see - visit @http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism for examples.**


 * Are all types of reasoning reliable? How do you know this? Check these fallacies: let's find examples in your life of when they occur - @http://onegoodmove.org/fallacy/toc.htm **


 * What is the relationship of reasoning to knowledge, the creation or discovery of knowledge, and ultimately, to truth? **


 * What is the difference between empiricism and rationalism? Which do you think explains reality with greater accuracy? Provide examples of each. Visit: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationalism-empiricism/ **


 * What sorts of things might influence reasoning? **


 * What is the relationship of the other WOKs to reasoning? **


 * Possible Activity: Logic formulations – use Oxford text p. 68-72 **
 * Also do activity p. 73: find an editorial article and identify the premise and conclusion. Share and compare. **


 * Truth requires an examination of content and meaning **

= Missing the point = = begging the question : **the truth of the conclusion is assumed by the premises** = e.g. Argument: //Noor always tells the truth, I know this because she told me.// // Problem: Noor may be lying. // // Begging the question not always shows the question is correct, but not enough reason to proof it. // Let's say Sara is trying to convince Jack that chocolate is healthful, and his argument is that chocolate grows on trees, so it must be healthful. Jack could rightly say there's no proof that something is good for you simply because it grows on a tree. Some things that grow on trees are poisonous--Chinaberry tree fruit, for example (6). So a Sara’s argument is based on a faulty premise. ( Not every person say the truth even if he/she is a famous person, it depend on logic) = Irrelevant conclusion : an argument in defense of one conclusion instead proves a different conclusion. = e.g.  Argument: //Noor believes that war is justifiable (there is reason to have war) therefore it must be justifiable.// Problem: Noor can be wrong. Not every person tells the truth it might be true but not always. = Straw man : the author attacks an argument different from (and weaker than) the opposition's best argument. = e.g.  Person A: Sunny days are good. Argument Person B: If all days were sunny, we'd never have rain, and without rain, we'd have hunger and death. So you are wrong. Problem: B has falsely framed A's claim to imply that A says that only sunny days are good, and has argued against that instead of the assertion A has made.

Person A just says his opinion about the day but person B reason if the sun not here what might happen without it like hunger and after hunger dying.

=Language =

F Art and my own singe link together because both of them have creativity. || One sentence with two meaning, but it does mean a specific thing or meaning to certain group of people. L || Art F || I like lemon mint juice but my brother don’t like it. || Special songs F/L. My brother and I like some kind of music but my other brother don’t like it. || Guinness record L Guinness record is known for the whole world. ||
 * === Individual (left) === || Group (center) || Universal (right) ||
 * My own singe language.
 * The value of Jewelry F || Wedding rings F between the husband and his wife every one of them try to save the ring. || Music F ||
 * Tasty juice F



How would you rank the importance of language as a WOK **?**

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">10 points: -It depends on the situation, whether a person is being serious or sarcastic -Confusion between literal and figurative can lead to misconceptions -Can be literal or figurative depending on how people would interpret it -People sometimes misunderstand what you say and take it literally -We use figurative to add humor -For figurative, we play with words -Literal is the way you describe what it is -Figurative is when you play with words by creating metaphors -Examples: -When you spill a bag of beans -When you tell someone the full details of a story -Someone's eyes (iris) are black -A person was punched in the face and has a black eye -The sky is blue on a Monday -A sad monday -A rabbit's foot -Can also mean luc <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">k -Language is the way we convey our perception, emotion and reason (P.E.R) to other people. -Individuals have their own language P.E.R. -“Hang on”, someone could wait or jump on you. -“I’m going to kill you!!”, the person saying it is either angry or a serial killer. -All words can be used as play or plain communication. -There is a difference between written and spoken. -Verbal language tends to be more playful while sign language is usually used as plain communication. Do all terms have distinct definitions?
 * Is language inherently literal or is it figurative? TREES**
 * Spill the beans
 * Black eye
 * Blue Monday
 * Rabbit's foot
 * Is language play? In what ways? Provide examples. PLUS SUNS**

Do words denote something specific? Provide examples. Or, do they always have various connotations? Visual representation Bullet point list of your examples with points / observations
 * Do words represent images in our minds or some idea out, or do they refer to real things? MOONS**  1 min skit

My group and I did a skit to represent our idea which is each word has a universal and individual meaning or idea. The skit was that there is a student who was sleeping and when the sun raise the mother said: the sun is up. And as the student heard that he wake up quickly and start preparing for school, but then his brother saw him and told him it is a weekend. So in this skit the idea of the word SUN was the school in the student mind.

Here is our chart that we used in the visual representation In this chart we choose the SUN as a word that has individual meaning and universal meaning, where the sun is a light in the individual meaning and the life and new day. In the individual meaning the SUN means son when they hear the sun and that will be an example for that language is different in speaking and writing. SUN means joy for some people, and for me it is represent my last name and my individual meaning for this word is my whole family (grandfather, grandmother, uncle,....etc) As a conclusion we said that most of words has individual and universal meaning

- Most of the words can be imagined as pictures or ideas in most of people's minds, and then refer into real things.

- Words that are about real things in life that we can touch, see, hear, taste or smell, are represented in our minds as images or pictures of the thing, though the pictures can be different, but they'll talk about one thing, as long as it's about one specific meaning of the word.

- Most of the words that are imaginable refer to real things. eg.: when someone says there is a dog outside, then most of people will have the idea or the picture "Dog" in their minds, so this helps knowing the word and what does it refer to.

- Words that are about feelings or things that are not touchable or visual are usually unimaginable as pictures, and even if they are, they may not refer to real things directly. eg.: the word "Life" doesn't refer for something real by saying it just like that, but it may make some individual mean or picture for some people.

- Some people make images or ideas for different words, even if they're not real things, to help remember them or make them easier to understand, and that helps a lot building the brain and the memory, and helps making them stronger.

- Usually, words have different images inside each one's mind, so they may have the same meaning or different meanings, depends of the way the person sees or understands the word. This is very similar to the Homonym, which means words that have the same spelling and pronunciation but different meanings. eg: the word "Heart", for some people it may be pictured as a human heart, others may imagine it as a love heart, and some may imagine it as the center of something.

- Words that are universal sometimes have the same picture in our minds, so the whole word will have the same picture when they hear a word like that. eg.: the word "Nine" have a picture of the number nine for most of the people. Some words may have the same picture in specific situations. eg.: the word "Sun" will have the same picture of a sun, when talking about weather or a twilight or something.

- Names that are unique, which means they're not similar to another word, are the words that have only one picture or very similar pictures in people minds, and this is for the situation when talking about a specific known person, and everyone knows that the topic is about him. eg.: "Ludacris" is a common words that will have the same picture for the same person in our mind, or similar pictures, which is the singer.

- Words that are not imaginable are understood by experience and repetition, so people also may make picture which refer to the experiment or the action, and then relate it to the word, so this type also can refer to real things, but indirectly.

- From the previous point above, we notice that the two types of words, words which can be imagined, and words which cannot, can refer to real things for most of us, but the difference is how does it refer, directly or indirectly.
 * Is language be personal/individual or is it part of a shared community? STARS**


 * If you think about each word carefully, it is able to fit in to each category of meanings of words, which are Individual, Shared and Common.
 * For some words, there is a cultural meaning that comes up first before the individual meaning. For example, “Cinema” in Saudi, in this culture, it is considered wrong and so, for this reason, there are no cinemas in this country.
 * The inventing of words are individual at the beginning, but common when shared. For example, Shakespeare and Newspeak in 1984. Some of their words are in the dictionary and are used in everyday language.
 * Language is a strong aspect of WOK because it gives meaning to the words and how they are viewed differently.
 * Language has both advantage and disadvantage to globalization, for example, for example when people communicate, they have different views on how companies should be developed.

Our topic involves to be in between true and false. The main reason for those because we look at different subject words, like the ones in the venn diagram above and we noticed that if thought carefully we could fit each word into both individual and universal. For example, History, it is individual when written and read by others to think about, however universal when different opinions to what really happened in the past are interpreted. Another example is music, each song is interpreted differently however it is universal when generes are placed over them, like pop, electronic, classical, rock etc.. It is however not always certain, for example time is probably very universal cause no one can stop time from happening. It is important to understand this concept of words having both individual and universal meanings because without the understanding hasty generalizations can form. For example, an easy one can be taste, when you see one person disgusted from food people immediately say that you don't want to eat it cause ut tastes bad however they should try cause everyone is different when it comes to what they like and don't like.

Yes, there can be huge differences between written word and speaking.
 * Is there a difference between the written word and speaking or dialogue? Provide examples. SATURN**


 * When written, words can be interpreted to have any intention behind the words. (this interpretation can be guided and restricted in context though)
 * Words in context, or dialogue provides a different meaning to the literal word
 * When speaking, emotions can be incorporated into our words (via, volume, speed, tone)
 * The interpretation of words can be non-literal or hinting when spoken (Sarcasm or 'playful' voice like Bilal's)
 * Spelling and Capitalisation on paper has different meanings (Thnx vs Thank you) (March vs march)
 * Fonts suggests different meanings (Italic, bold, font size)
 * The words coming out of different mouths have different weight (instructions or commands from teachers vs children)
 * Many people have accents, this accent when speaking the written words provide a lot more information


 * Does language change? How, when, and why? PINKIES**

How: - Formal-slang - Translation: from one language to anther. - Interpretation of definition within relationships. - Time eg: Chinese & Egyptian symbols. When: Depending on where you live and what country. Examples: R u ther? ASAP. TYT. CYA.
 * How: - Formal --> Slang (eg. teacher --> friends) **
 * - Translation (eg. from one language to another) **
 * - Interpretation of definition within words (eg. i love you to a friend or to a some one special) **
 * - Time (eg. Chinese & Egyptian symbols) **
 * When: - Migration (eg. depending on where you live and what century **
 * Why: - Easy (efficient) **
 * - Cool (Part of your identity **
 * - Personal codes (eg. own language) **
 * - Changes according to stuff changing (poss **

Identify a topic or situation. Is this idea clearly true, or false, or where between the two? The main idea of that is each word has individual meaning and or universal is true, because each person will understand things in different way that’s what individual means. There are words existing in our life but we can use our senses to prove they are here by using our feeling and emotion to apply them in our life. e.g: love, hate , etc). Most words in the language have two meaning individual and universal.  What makes it so certain or uncertain? (or almost certainly true or false)  Each word has the two meaning individual and universal. Universal means that when most of people around the world understand the meaning of that word, that’s mean there is a general meaning for that word. When individual mean is when the word have special meaning for some body its means something completely different to other person. Most of the words in the language have these two meaning for example when we say eye some people will say its our eyes but others will say the letter i.  How important is it? What makes it important? (important or not so important)  Knowing that each word has two meaning universal and individual that help us to understand, there are different meaning for one word around us that also help us to know that we don't know all the meaning for the word because they might be individual meaning which is only one or two person know that, or maybe there is group who have their own language and it has own meaning for them. We have to be careful when we saying words or even when we make sign language because it might be wrong for some people that’s why when we travail we have to know about the culture of the country like in China we can’t stop that taxi by raising our hand because that’s mean death for them but not for us here in KSA. As the word start to be popular and a many people understand that word around the whole world the word become more universal than individual, like technology.